Climă/Teme de date INSPIRE (în conformitate cu anexele la Directiva 2007/2/CE ) / RO-Data.xlsx

ing: for wheat – 191 euro/ ha, rye - 191 euro / ha, barley - 190 euro / ha, barley - 192 euro / ha, oats – 159 euro / ha, rapeseed – 206 euro / ha. Although the number of farmers affected, just as number of hectars affected by climate changes remained the same in the last two years, the trend shows an increased in costs for compensating farmers as the degree of the damages caused by climate change in the agricultural sector in Romania is becoming more severe. Regarding the trends, according to the SWOT analysis for RO NSP 2021-2027, the economic losses registered at the level of the surfaces affected by extreme climatic phenomena in the period 2015 - 2019 were estimated at over 600 million euros (3 billion lei). Changing climatic conditions can increase the incidence of pest and disease attacks and reduce the natural productivity of agricultural and forestry land. In order to adapt to the effects of climate change and improve the resilience of the environment to them, it is necessary to establish, expand and / or modernize efficient irrigation systems, promote new technologies and agricultural management practices to manage the increasing incidence of pest and disease attacks, and reducing the amount of water evaporated from the soil, adopting risk management measures and informing farmers about best agricultural practices, for example about the varieties used or water consumption. The sub-measure for climate resistant crops has the potential to (re)introduce crops. L13 Agriculture and rural development rural development medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Water supply in rural communities will be adversely affected because the warmer and shorter winters will lead to the decrease of the seasonal snow volume and to the early and fast snow melting, leading to shortages in summer months. There is already evidence of this occurring in those mountain areas (e.g. the Rucar-Bran corridor) where there is increased demand for water due to tourism and serious shortages of water occur at weekends and peak holiday periods due to the influx of visitors. Supply will also suffer from a lowering of groundwater table in summer months, due to reductions in the surface flow regime. Higher summer temperatures will lead to increased evapo-transpiration and therefore higher water demands in agriculture, during the same period when supplies will suffer a shortfall. The domestic water demands and supply will experience the same (but less pronounced) effect. It is also likely that hotter and drier summers will also cause a deterioration in the quality of water resources, thereby effectively reducing the supply. Romania's risk profile, developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 1900-2015, indicates high risks of earthquakes and floods, due to the major impact, in the context in which more than half of the country's population lives in urban areas, and the main losses derives from the interruption of the provision of services and from industry. Drought and forest fires are also two other climate related events that are currently affecting Romania. The phenomenon of drought is included in the category of natural hazards with a major negative impact on the population, socio-economic and environmental activity, depending on the spatio-temporal dimension and production intensity. Due to the fact that the main activities in the rural area are represented by agriculture, all the identified risks and aspects from the Agricultural sector are also reflected in the rural development sector. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards In the near future (2021 - 2040), under climate change conditions, stronger and more spatially extended droughts will likely affect Romanian territory in the growing season, with significant impact on agriculture activities”. While losses may be partially offset by beneficial effects from carbon dioxide, crop production will be further threatened by increases in competition for water and the prevalence of pest and diseases and land losses through desertification. Perennial crops (orchards and vineyards) are also very vulnerable with partial or total loss of crop and premature ageing of plantations. Reductions in grassland / forage productivity due to drought will have knock-on effects to livestock productivity / viability. medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Key vulnerabilities in the adaptability of agriculture are the ageing of farmers, lack of infrastructure for irrigation, low productivity of small farmers, fragmentation of land ownership and youth migration from rural areas. In particular, yields of grain and other crops are predicted to decrease across the southern and south eastern part of Romania due to increased frequency of drought (JRC, 2012). Many rural communities are already disadvantaged by the poor quality of rural roads – public transport is slow, many modern goods and services are not available and it is difficult to reach new markets with local products. These disadvantages will become even worse with the negative impacts of heavy rainfall and flooding upon dirt / gravel roads. high different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Direct impacts of increased heat stress / water shortage upon the productivity, conception rates and health of farm animals are foreseen. This includes the potential health risks for livestock and 26 humans, including the resurgence of some transmissible diseases (anthrax, tetanus, rabies and chronic respiratory disease). Overall, the potential impacts of climate change in Romania are likely to greatly increase the risk of crop failure and reduce the financial security of farmers in many areas, especially the south and southeast of the country. However, it must be noted that the combined effects of changes in temperature and precipitation regimes in different climate change scenarios are not yet well understood, thus additional work is required for impact assessment at regional level. Down-scaling the predictions of Global Circulation models (GCM) and taking into account the local conditions of the area of interest will improve the accuracy of crop yield estimations in the new conditions of climate change. There are multiple indirect effects of climate change upon rural communities and households. For example: • local ecosystems yield many useful (and economically important) products for rural communities, including fruits, mushrooms and herbs for harvesting. The abundance and distribution of these will change as the climate becomes warmer and drier; • forest fires will become a new risk in rural areas and impact negatively upon the local availability of wood for fuel and construction; • around 36% of all electricity in rural areas is produced by small-scale hydro-electric plants which may be affected by drought and declining river flows; • L14 Tourism and recreational activities tourism low different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The tourism sector in Romania - together with the rest of Europe - is affected by weather conditions ex. heat waves in summer, floods and heavy storms or decreasing snowfall in winter in some regions, events that are generating an impact on tourist destinations. Climate change strongly influences seaside tourism through phenomena such as sea level rise, threatening coastal areas by coastal erosion and floods, increased frequency of extreme weather events (e.g. heavy rains, heat waves, storms), reduction of water reserves. Meteorological conditions have a strong influence on tourist flows directed towards coast areas. Parameters as air temperature, precipitations, wind, sunny hours influence tourists decision in spending their time on the Black Sea coast, especially the duration and frequency of their staying and their behaviour (Surugiu, Surugiu, Breda, Leuqueux-Dinca, “Climate change impact on seaside tourism”, 2011). In the last ten years, between 2000-2010, these phenomena were more pronounced on Romanian Black Sea coast. In September 2005, strong floods were registered on the Black Sea coast, over passing the flood and hazard rates, resulting in significant economic and social losses. Short duration rainfalls of increasing intensity extended the damages and had a strong effect on tourism activity, Costinesti resort being particularly affected. At the same time, due to these climatic phenomena, Romanian and also foreign tourists cancelled their vacation to the seaside. The period of short rainfalls from July to September felled the tourists’ number travelling in the areas affected by floods. low different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Such occurrences could be drawn by considering the already accentuating phenomenon of coastal erosion, particularly reported in recent decades as becoming an almost general phenomenon for the Romanian coast, resulting in reduction of beach areas. In the last decade, the balance between intake and loss of sedimentary material was negative. According to “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, in the Eforie – Vama Veche coastal sector, the average annual change in the shoreline was - 1.9m/year with variations between 4.8 m/year (Mangalia) and -8.6 m/year (Vama Veche). The report erosion/accretion on the shoreline length studied as an indicator for the coastal zone was 0.50 for the period 2001-2006, compared to the interval 2006-2007, when the erosion was zero. medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Global warming affects the concentration of oxygen in sea water, becoming insufficient to insure the life of plants and animals, in the summer of 2010 hundreds of dead fishes being found along the beaches in Constanta, Mamaia, Navodari brought by waves. This phenomenon affected negatively tourist stays, creating an obvious discomfort. The increase in sea water temperature also generates the increase in the quantity of algae. Annually, disappointed by the smell and dirty water, tourists left the beaches (Surugiu et. All, 2011). The increasing temperatures of their destination determined tourists to change their travel options. Thus, hot summers like the one in 2007 may urge domestic tourists, especially from great urban areas in South-East of Romania (including the capital of Bucharest) to make frequent trips on the Black Sea coast. Meanwhile, global warming causes tourists to travel to coastal areas also during off-season (e.g. warmer winters like the one in 2006-2007). Surugiu and Surugiu (2009) concluded in a study that, in every summer season, seaside tourism should register economic gains due to increase in air temperature, but beyond a certain thermal threshold, the discomfort occurs and tourists give up travelling, the plus in the demand being cancelled. On the other hand, the seaside resorts are strongly influenced by seasonality exacerbating the climate change negative effects, like those in the water regimes during dry seasons, aggravating water management and environmental issues. Beside the relation climate – tourism industry sectoral adaptation of summer tourism itself is definitely dependent on the level of development and prosperity of this economic domain and it is obvious in the case of the Romanian Black Sea Coast that its adaptive capacity would increase through sustainable (long-term) investments in this industry (CLAVIER, 2009). medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Depending almost entirely on climate resources mass sea sand tourism has fewer possibilities to adapt in the case when other important natural or human resources (seaside respectively cultural attractions) lack in the nearby areas which is to a great extent the case of Romanian Black Sea littoral. Due to its scale, even if it finally manages to adapt, the economic figures would be diminished for the new “adapted” forms of tourism, due to an inevitable decreasing in arrivals and average stay period (lower in the case of other types of tourism). The way in which the existing tourism structures would be integrated in the future tourism development in the area is also an arguable aspect. A solution to cope with seasonality and maybe another variant to focus other forms of tourism less dependent on climate, even during summer season, would be in the case of Romanian littoral business tourism. However this would be a solution for more expensive resorts (ex.: the north part of Mamaia) and high comfort units (four or five star hotels) which are already hosting meetings and events, succeeding not to close during winter season. They could be also tempted to appeal to this form of tourism in order to complete revenues during summer tourism seasons. Adaptation costs would be very different from one accommodation to another and among different resorts, depending also very much on their internal specific resources and on their long marketing strategies to orient towards other forms of tourism. Another solution to cope climate changes for our summer tourism could be also an increased accessibility towards Danube Delta and the cooperation between investors in the two different parts of littoral for creating mixed tourism packages. The task to find solutions to protect tourists and to make them stay during a warmer, a drier or a stormy weather on littoral resorts would be a challenge for every stakeholder to assume in the future as Romanian Black Sea tourism resorts are obliged through their nature (at least by their geographic settlement) to depend on sun and sea tourism. L15 Transport transport medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Some examples of observed impacts are represented by the reduced asset condition and safety due to changes in average climatic conditions, while the assets are mode badly damaged as a result of more extreme climatic events. Another observed impact is the reduced network availability and/or functionality. The increased costs to maintain a safe serviceable network is another problem generated by climate related events. Other problems generated by climate related events are represented by the increased safety risk to road workers, increased programme and quality risks due to required changes in construction activities or increased business management costs. Reduced precipitation, droughts and the associated reduced runoff may affect river navigation on the major waterways such as the Danube. This is something that is already being seen, according to the Lower Danube River Administration, with reduced water depths, meaning that the number of days on which navigation restrictions are implemented is increasing. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Depending on the type of hazard, the climate related risks such as floods and droughts are more present in certain areas of the country. medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards In the absence of adaptation measures, higher temperatures and more frequent heat waves (particularly in the south and south-east) are likely to cause problems with road and rail infrastructure. Asphalt roads may become soft and deform more under the weight of vehicles, causing traffic restrictions to be put in place (particularly for heavy vehicles). This issue is already recognized by the Romanian national roads company, with use of adjusted material standards and design norms in vulnerable areas to cope with higher temperatures and minimize deformation. Similar issues may also arise with asphalt surfaces (eg. runways) at Romanian airports. Railway lines also buckle under high temperatures, which can again lead to speed and usage restrictions. The transport sector is vulnerable to a numerous types of hazards, therefore, the adaptive capacity is depending on different key hazards (World Bank 2014). medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related events that we’re taking into consideration due to the fact that the climate risks that Romania is facing are multiple. In urban public transport (and in national rail services), higher temperatures and heat waves are likely to cause discomfort and possible safety risk to passengers. This will lead to a need for improved ventilation at stations (eg. Metro stations) and improved ventilation or air conditioning on trains, metro trains, trams, trolleybuses and buses. Rail, road and waterborne transport infrastructure are potentially vulnerable to the effects of more intense rainfall and increased frequency of flash floods. Bridge abutments, piers, road and rail embankments and riverbanks are potentially vulnerable to such flash floods unless measures are taken to protect them. Some roads and railways may also be more prone to flooding, unless drainage and flood protection measures are implemented. Intense rainfall can also have adverse impacts on road safety, although in some areas a reduction in icy and snowy days may counterbalance this. L16 The human environment, infrastructures and urban planning urban medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Romania's risk profile, developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 1900-2015, indicates high risks of earthquakes and floods, due to the major impact, in the context in which more than half of the country's population lives in urban areas, and the main losses derives from the interruption of the pro