Climă/Teme de date INSPIRE (în conformitate cu anexele la Directiva 2007/2/CE ) / RO-Data.xlsx

coastal areas of the Black Sea (including the Danube Delta) to flood risk and saltwater intrusions. The severity expected future environmental impacts of climate change in the coastal areas of Romania will depend on the synergetic effects of factors controlling the deltaic and littoral processes, as well as on the delta plain and shoreline elevation. According to ICPDR, sea level in the Black Sea is projected to increase up to 0.5 m by 2050. The impacts on the shore zone are likely to be important from the perspective of the joint effects of projected sea level rise and change in wind and storminess patterns. A shortage in beach sediment feeding is also likely due to the expected decrease in river-borne sediment inputs (including of the Danube River) and increasing anthropogenic pressure in the coastal areas of the Black Sea. A decrease in freshwater discharge into the sea is also expected which is likely to influence the general salinity of the Black Sea also in relation to the projected sea level rise. Future climate change is likely to affect the rich and unique biodiversity of the Danube Delta (a World Heritage site and an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve). medium different key hazards The coastal areas are vulnerable to climate change effects such as coastal erosion, marine storms, rise of sea level, saltwater intrusion or other climate related events. medium different climate change scenarios; different key hazards The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related event that we’re taking into consideration, as stated above, coastal areas are facing multiple climate related risks. L7 Public health and emergency response services civil protection and emergency management medium different key hazards Romania's risk profile, developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 1900-2015, indicates high risks of earthquakes and floods, due to the major impact, in the context in which more than half of the country's population lives in urban areas, and the main losses derives from the interruption of the provision of services and from industry. Drought and forest fires are also two other climate related events that are currently affecting Romania. The phenomenon of drought is included in the category of natural hazards with a major negative impact on the population, socio-economic and environmental activity, depending on the spatio-temporal dimension and production intensity. At present, the existing legislative framework for risk management prescribes the emergency management for various categories of risks, inter alia for: storms and blizzards, floods, snow storms, tornadoes, droughts, extreme temperatures, vegetation fires, avalanches, water pollution, land slides, earthquakes, accidents, incidents and other type of hazards related to industry, mining, technological activities, transportation and storage of dangerous substances, transportation activities, nuclear or radiologic activities, buildings, failure of public services / utilities, cosmic objects, ammunition unexploded / not deactivated, epidemics, epizootics, radiologic risks, fires, situations caused by plants’ pests. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Depending on the type of hazard, the climate related risks such as floods and droughts are more present in certain areas of the country. high different key hazards Both the rural and urban population is facing climate related risks and is vulnerable to certain extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, storms etc. high different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related events that we’re taking into consideration, as stated above, regarding the civil protection and emergency management, the climate risks that Romania is facing are multiple. L8 Energy energy medium different key hazards Extreme weather events may affect the energy infrastructure or the energy demand. Thus, the energy sector is directly affected by being damaged by certain weather events or is being overloaded by the energy demand resulted from the occurrence of certain climate change related events. high different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Regarding the likelihood of the occurrence of the key hazards and exposure to them under future climate depends on the different types or risks that may occur such as floods, droughts, of forests fires and their associated negative impacts. medium different key hazards The vulnerabilities related to climate change events that may affect the energy sector are: - Changes regarding the seasonal demand for electricity which will be higher in the summer and lower in the winter; - Decrease of water quantity available for the energy production sector; - Decrease of the wind speed which may affect the wind turbines; - Extreme weather events can physically affect the energy infrastructure medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related events that we’re taking into consideration, as stated above, in the energy sector, the climate risks that Romania is facing are multiple. L9 Insurance as a tool for adapting to climate change finance and insurance medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Since 2010, catastrophic risks, including climate-related risks such as flood risk and landslides are covered by the national compulsory insurance program against Catastrophes for housing managed by PAID - a common insurance fund. According to World Bank estimates, currently in Romania approximately an area of 2.2 million hectares of agricultural land is covered by insurance policies, representing approximately 11,000 farmers with an average farm of 200 ha. The types of risks covered by insurance companies in the agricultural sector are: torrential rain, storm / storm, hail, landslide / collapse / landslide, early autumn frost, late spring frost, surgical, obstetric and infectious diseases. From the data reported by the insurance companies to the Financial Supervision Authority, the value of the gross premiums written in the agricultural sector was 21,4 million euros in 2017 and 18.9 million euros in 2018. Of the value of these premiums, approximately 12% represented insurance for animals, the difference being insurance for agricultural crops. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has launched the submeasure 17.1 “Crop, animal and plant insurance premiums” for providing compensations for the damages generated by droughts (initial allocation 24,7 million euro). high different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Regarding the likelihood of the occurrence of the key hazards and exposure to them under future climate depends on the different types or risks that may occur such as floods, droughts, of forests fires and their associated negative impacts. medium different key hazards Members of vulnerable groups e.g. poor individuals, farmers, SMEs, which represent a significant percentage of the Romanian population, cannot afford to pay insurance premiums related to these mandatory disaster protection policies. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Due to the small number of policies, small number of insured, the disaster protection insurance system in Romania is not sustainable. The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related events that we’re taking into consideration, for example some areas are more exposed to flood risks while other areas are exposed to drought or other extreme weather events. L10 Forestry forestry medium different key hazards In the period 1990-2006, the monitoring of the health of the forests in Romania indicates a deficient health of the forests in 1991, 2005 and 2006. The forests were subjected to moderate disturbances in the years 1990, 1992, 1995-1999, 2000-2004. The main risks identified for forests are severe droughts, increasing the number of forest pests, wind falls, and increasing the number of fires. The forests in Romania started to be increasingly affected by fires. In 2019, in Caras-Severin County, was recorded a vegetation fire that affected about 15 hectars of forest. However, there were no mentiones regarding compensations for damages; • Dessertification is one of the biggest damage as an effect of long term droughts. For the first time, one of the largest federation of farmers in Romania (LAPAR) is calling for action for restoring of the forest belts, especially in the counties where the percentage of forest has been decreased in the competition for gaining more land for agriculture (i.e the forestry area in Dolj county – one of the most affected one by dessertification – was reduced from 14% to 7% in the last 50 years); • The national legislation has been amended in order to better regulate the forest cuttings and address the illegal logging. medium different climate change scenarios Climate change has and will have significant effects on forests in Romania, both in the medium and long term. In the medium term, forest productivity can be expected to decline to some extent, but the greatest threats come from the increased frequency of devastating events, such as fires or infestations caused by various pathogens. medium different key hazards The incidence of forest fires in climatic conditions. current is low in Romania, except in the south and southwest of the country. Increasing temperature and long periods of drought can increase the frequency and intensity of forest fires, limit the development of seedlings and cause changes in insect behaviour and other harmful factors. In southern and southwestern Romania, desertification phenomena are already causing inadequate conditions for the development of forest vegetation. Moreover, climate change has led to changes in the structure of forests, especially in hilly areas and forest migration from forest steppe areas to plain areas. Pest infestations are a significant concern for the forestry sector. Forest fires are closely related to these infestations - dry tree infested forests are much more susceptible to forest fires, and forest segments affected by the fire are much more prone to pest infestation. Pests also affect the general health of forests, degrading them along with increasing CO2 emissions. Tree-falls due to extreme weather conditions are increasingly occurring in Romanian forests, in the beginning of 2020 only more than 2.2 mil c.m. having been affected (more than 200.000 ha). medium different climate change scenarios; different key hazards Continental: Rising temperatures and extended dry periods are projected to limit the possibility for the growth of tree seedlings, as well as contributing to increased forest fire risk, which is low in most of the country except the south and southwest. Higher temperatures, as well as more frequent forest fires, will contribute to more issues with pests and diseases, which are a significant concern for the sector. In the south and southeastern parts of the country, desertification is already an issue, and forest composition is changing as forests migrate from steppes to the plains (The World Bank, 2015). Nonnative species like the Rosa Canina and Robinia pseudacacia are taking over natural forests (The World Bank, 2014). The combined increase in temperatures and decreased precipitation are predicted to cause a decline in growth by 30% for forests in the plain areas (The World Bank, 2014). • Mountain: As in the Continental regions, increasing temperatures will negatively impact forestry in the region by impeding the growth of trees, raising the risk of forest fires, and increasing the incidence of pests and diseases (The World Bank, 2015). Wind and snow already cause a loss of 1 million m3 of timber, a figure likely to increase with the increased risk of winter storms. In mountainous areas, forests are taking over pastures, especially species like Norway spruce (The World Bank, 2014). Changes in temperatures and precipitation in mountainous areas are likely to contribute to an increased rate of Beech mortality. As with the rest of Europe, infestations of pests like the bark beetle are likely to increase at higher altitudes, causing damage to a wide range of tree species and impacting the ecosystem (The World Bank, 2014). L11 Public health and emergency response services health low different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Both extreme weather events as well as climate related disasters that do not generate significant consequences and only hinder certain human activities can lead to public health events. For example, heavy rainfall can lead to vector – borne diseases, such as malaria. Depleting agricultural sectors can result in higher rates of malnutrition and increased susceptibility disease, therefore strengthening disease surveillance activities and early warning systems, regardless of the origin of the disease can also contribute to the benefit of the community. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Climate change will negatively affect people’s lives and health over the next few decades. They will affect human health through a number of mechanisms, some of which are relatively direct effects of extreme events and natural disasters such as floods, storms, heat waves or droughts, changing patterns of infectious diseases or new pathogens, such as unknown or unexpected specific diseases, emerging diseases, disruption of agricultural systems and other types of ecosystems, mass urbanization, population migration and conflicts caused by depleted resources, infertile land and depleted water resources. medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The vulnerability is different from one risk to another. While some weather events can generate a small impact, others can significantly affect population’s health. medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The risk of potential future impacts depends on the climate related events that we’re taking into consideration, for example some areas are more exposed to flood risks while other areas are exposed to drought or other extreme weather events. L12 Agriculture and rural development land use planning high different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards In June 2020, the agricultural land from the Western part of the country was affected by floods, while in the South-Eastern part of Romania the arable crops have been seriously compromised by droughts. Farmers from Constanta county have been especially impacted, some going bankrupt or taking their livestock for slaughter. In August, the Ministry of Agriculture announced compensations in amount of about 175 million euros (850 mil RON) to cover 80% of the damages (Emergency Law). Significant droughts occurred in both 2007 and 2012. In 2007, the gross added value of the agricultural sector decreased by 15.3%, while in 2012, the decrease reached 21.2%. During the period of 2007-13, droughts reduced Romania’s average production per hectare by over 50%. Crops most impacted by droughts include maize, wheat, barley, potatoes, sunflower, and rape (The World Bank, 2015). Flooding has also significantly impacted Romanian agriculture and has increased in the last few decades. Flood events between 2005-10 caused damages estimated at €6 billion, with 142 people killed, and 27,000 homes damaged. Flooding in the Timis region in April 2005 covered about 100,000 hectares and suspended agricultural production for the rest of the year. The same year, the Siret River flooded 40,000 hectares, while the Danube flooding in 2006 covered about 30,000 hectares (The World Bank, 2014). medium different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards Regarding the likelihood of the occurrence of the key hazards and exposure to them under future climate depends on the different types or risks that may occur such as floods, droughts, of forests fires and their associated negative impacts. medium different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards The overall pattern of land use and agricultural production in Romania is not significantly different from that observed across the EU-27. However, the main characteristic of Romanian agriculture which sets it apart from other Member States is a) its highly polarised structure, and b) the huge number of small-scale farms. In 2019, 34.647 farmers have been compensated for the damages caused by the droughts, phenomenon which has affected about 1,7 mil ha of arable land, used under different crops such as wheat, rape, barely, with implication in providing feeding for livestock as well. In 2020, 34.400 farmers required compensations for damages caused by droughts, with an affected area of about 1.6 million hectares. According to World Bank estimates, currently in Romania approximately an area of 2.2 million hectares of agricultural land is covered by insurance policies, representing approximately 11,000 farmers with an average farm of 200 ha. high different climate change scenarios; different geographical regions within the country; different key hazards In 2020, 34.400 farmers required compensations for damages caused by droughts, with an affected area of about 1.6 million hectares. The value of the support granted for crops destroyed by drought is the follow